Oraciones de relativo (Relative clauses) - Gramática B2
Defining Relative Clauses (Oraciones de Relativo Especificativas)
Estas cláusulas dan información esencial sobre el sustantivo. Si quitamos esta información, no podremos entender la oración. NO usamos comas.
| Pronombre |
Se usa para |
Ejemplo |
| which/that |
cosas |
That's the car which I really want. |
| where |
lugares |
I know a lovely café where we can have breakfast. |
| why |
razones |
I don't know why you stay friends with Tom! |
| when |
tiempos |
There was a time when I would often go out on my bike. |
| who |
personas |
Andy's the guy who fixed our shower. |
| whose |
posesión |
I've tried to find out whose bag this is. |
Notas importantes:
- Where puede significar "in which" (en el cual):
- There's a shop which sells amazing silver jewellery.
- I know a shop where you can buy awesome models. (= in which)
- Podemos reemplazar who y which con that:
- I like people who/that surprise me.
- El pronombre relativo puede ser sujeto (no se puede omitir) u objeto (se puede omitir):
- Sujeto: The cat that visits my house is very sweet. (El gato es dulce = sujeto)
- Objeto: The cat (that) I feed is really sweet. (Alimento al gato = objeto, se puede omitir "that")
- Con preposiciones, estas van al final:
- That's the woman (that) I was telling you about.
- Whom es formal para el objeto:
- Formal: I am not sure to whom you are referring.
- Informal: I'm not sure who you're referring to.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses (Oraciones de Relativo Explicativas)
Dan información extra, no esencial. Usamos comas para separarlas. NO podemos omitir el pronombre relativo y NO usamos that. Si quitamos la cláusula, la oración principal sigue teniendo sentido.
- My dad, who hasn't retired yet, is a doctor. → My dad is a doctor. (Sin la cláusula, aún tiene sentido)
Which puede referirse a toda la cláusula anterior:
- We're all really busy at the moment, which means we hardly see each other.
Reduced Relative Clauses (Cláusulas de Relativo Reducidas) - EXPLICACIÓN AMPLIADA
En lugar de usar una cláusula de relativo completa, podemos usar un participio presente (-ing) o participio pasado (-ed) después del sustantivo.
Reglas principales:
- Participio Presente (-ing): Tiene significado activo (el sustantivo realiza la acción).
- Participio Pasado (-ed/3ra forma): Tiene significado pasivo (el sustantivo recibe la acción).
Transformación Paso a Paso:
A. De Cláusula Completa a Participio Presente (-ing):
- Cuando el verbo en la cláusula relativo está en activa y en tiempo continuo o simple.
- Se elimina el pronombre relativo (who, which, that) y el verbo auxiliar (be), y se usa el verbo principal en -ing.
Ejemplos comparativos:
-
There's a man who is wearing a bee costume over there!
→ There's a man wearing a bee costume over there!
-
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
→ The woman living next door is a doctor.
-
People who work in hospitals have difficult jobs.
→ People working in hospitals have difficult jobs.
B. De Cláusula Completa a Participio Pasado (-ed):
- Cuando el verbo en la cláusula relativo está en pasiva.
- Se elimina el pronombre relativo y el verbo auxiliar (be), y se usa el participio pasado.
Ejemplos comparativos:
-
I've lost the book which was given to me by my grandma.
→ I've lost the book given to me by my grandma.
-
The car that was repaired by my brother runs perfectly.
→ The car repaired by my brother runs perfectly.
-
The documents that were stolen from the office have been recovered.
→ The documents stolen from the office have been recovered.
Casos Especiales y Advertencias:
-
Solo se puede reducir cuando el sujeto de la cláusula relativo es el mismo que el sustantivo que modifica:
- Correcto: The boy who is playing football is my brother. → The boy playing football is my brother.
- Incorrecto reducir: The boy who I saw playing football is my brother. (No se puede reducir porque "I" es el sujeto de "saw")
-
No se puede reducir cuando el pronombre relativo es el objeto de una preposición:
- The house in which I live is old. → NO se puede reducir a "The house in living is old."
-
Los verbos irregulares deben usar el participio pasado correcto:
- The song that was sung by the choir was beautiful.
- → The song sung by the choir was beautiful.
-
Las cláusulas no definitorias (con comas) generalmente NO se reducen:
- My brother, who lives in Madrid, is visiting us. → Normalmente no se reduce.
Más Ejemplos de Uso:
Present Participle (Activo):
- Students asking questions should raise their hands. (→ who ask)
- Anyone touching that wire will get electrocuted. (→ who touches)
- The train arriving at platform 3 is the express to London. (→ which is arriving)
Past Participle (Pasivo):
- The money found on the street was returned to its owner. (→ which was found)
- The problems caused by the storm are being fixed. (→ that were caused)
- None of the people invited to the party could come. (→ who were invited)
Esta estructura hace el lenguaje más fluido y natural, especialmente en inglés escrito y formal.